If some rolls a successful attack against a character with super senses, and then the defender rolls a successful dodge roll. Do the surrounding characters take damage from the energy explosision?

ie: Boomerang attacks Destiny, and vulture is behind her. His attack is strong enough to hit them both but destiny rolls super senses, does the attack still count as a successful hit and damage vulture even though destiny will be unscathed?

Nope. If the initial attack doesn't hit Destiny, then there's no splash damage to hit others. If Destiny avoids the EE attack, that's it.